Foot & Ankle

Symptoms of Bunions

Bunions are characterised by visible protrusions on the inside or outside of the foot, but they can also cause a variety of other symptoms, including:

• Pain and tenderness at the site of the bump.
  
• Redness and inflammation around the joint.
  
• Hardened skin on the bottom of the foot.
  
• Calluses or corns forming on the bump.
  
• Stiffness and restricted motion in the big toe, which may cause difficulty walking.
  
• Change in foot shape, leading to misalignment and altered gait.

Causes of Bunions

The primary cause of bunions is prolonged wearing of poorly fitted shoes, especially those that are tight, narrow, or have high heels. These types of footwear exert excessive pressure on the toes, leading to the gradual misalignment of the big toe and the formation of the bunion. Other factors that can contribute to bunion development include:

• Foot injuries, which can alter the alignment of bones in the foot.
  
• Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, or neuromuscular conditions like Charcot-Marie-Tooth or polio.
• Misalignment of bones in the feet, which can predispose individuals to bunion formation.
  

Diagnosis of Bunions

To diagnose a bunion, a healthcare provider will begin with a medical consultation and physical examination. The healthcare provider will inspect the feet for visible signs of a bunion and assess any pain, inflammation, or restricted motion in the toe joint. An X-ray may be recommended to evaluate the severity of the bunion, identify the underlying cause, and help plan the appropriate treatment.

Treatment Options for Bunions

Non-Operative Treatment

Bunions and bunionettes are permanent once they have formed. However, non-operative measures can help alleviate pain and prevent further development. These options are often effective in the early stages of bunion formation:

• Footwear modification: Wearing shoes that are roomier, more comfortable, and have wide toe boxes to relieve pressure on the affected area.
  
• Padding or protective silicone: Placing cushioning inside shoes to reduce irritation over the bunion.
  
• Ice packs: Applying ice to the affected area can reduce pain and swelling.
  
• Pain relief: Over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol or NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory drugs), if tolerated and not contraindicated.
• Orthotics and splints: Using orthotics, toe spacers, or night splints to help realign the toes and reduce strain on the affected joint.